Enchodus

Enchodus; Temporal range: Albian-Maastrichtian; ~112.6–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Paleogene records
	Enchodus petrosus mounted skeleton cast in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Aulopiformes
Family:	†Enchodontidae
Genus:	†Enchodus; Agassiz, 1835
Type species
	†Esox lewesiensis; Mantell, 1822
Species
	See text

Enchodus (from Greek: ἔγχος enchos, 'spear' and Greek: ὀδούς odoús 'tooth')^[1] is an extinct genus of aulopiform ray-finned fish related to lancetfish and lizardfish. Species of Enchodus flourished during the Late Cretaceous, where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the Paleocene or Eocene; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy

Species of Enchodus are generally classified into two different clades, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several isolated events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.^[5]

Species

Enchodus was a diverse, long-lived genus with many species known throughout its temporal and geographic range. The following valid species are known:^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

E. amicrodus
E. annectens Woodward 1901
E. brevis Chalifa, 1989 - Cenomanian of the West Bank, Palestine (Amminadav Formation)
E. bursauxi Arambourg, 1952 - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Late Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
E. dentex Heckel, 1856 - Cenomanian of Slovenia (Komen Limestone)
E. dirus Leidy, 1857 - Maastrichtian of the United States (Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, Severn Formation of Maryland), potentially Gavdos, Greece^[10]
E. elegans Dartevelle & Casier 1949 - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation), Niger, Syria, and Jordan (Alhisa Phosphorite Formation); Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
E. faujasi Agassiz, 1843 - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Campanian of Israel (Mishash Formation), Maastrichtian of France (Calcarintes du Jadet Formation)
E. ferox Leidy, 1855 - Santonian of Orenburg, Russia; Campanian to Maastrichtian (potentially Paleocene) of the United States (Marshalltown, Mount Laurel, Navesink, and Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey, Marshalltown Formation of Delaware, Severn Formation of Maryland, Arkansas, Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota); Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation) and India (Intertrappean Beds)
E. gladiolus Cope, 1872 - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the United States (Greenhorn Limestone of Colorado, Kansas & Iowa, Graneros Shale & Carlile Shale of Nebraska, Mancos Shale of New Mexico, Carlile Shale of Kansas, Arkansas, and Merchantville, Navesink & Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg, Rybushka Formation), Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation)
E. gracilis von der Marck, 1858 - Campanian of Germany (Ahlen Formation)
E. lamberti Arambourg & Joleaud 1943
E. lemonnieri Dello 1893
E. lewesiensis (Mantell, 1822) (type species) - Cenomanian to Coniacian of England (English Chalk, Seaford Formation), potentially Maastrichtian of Germany (Gerhardsreit Formation)
E. libycus^[11]
E. longidens Pictet 1850
E. longipectoralis Schaeffer 1947
E. longipterygius (Chalifa, 1989) (=Parenchodus)
E. macropterus
E. major Davis 1887
E. marchesettii Kramberger 1895
E. mecoanalis Forey et al. 2003
E. oliveirai Maury 1930
E. parvus ^{[citation needed]}
E. petrosus Cope 1874
E. pulchellus Woodward 1901
E. saevus Hay 1903
E. semistriatus Marsh 1869
E. shumardi Leidy 1856
E. subaequilateralis Cope 1885
E. tineidae Holloway et al. 2017^[5]
E. venator Arambourg 1954
E. zinensis
E. zimapanensis Fielitz and González-Rodríguez 2010^[12]

Phylogeny

Enchodus^[5]

Enchodus

E. marchesettii

	Parenchodus

	E. brevis

	E. lewesiensis

E. gracilis

	E. venator

	E. shumardi

E. petrosus

E. zipapanensis

E. faujasi

E. gladiolus

	E. tineidae

	E. dirus

Phylogeny of the genus with some species

Description

Enchodus species were small to medium in size, large species (E. zinensis) reached 172.2 centimetres (67.8 in).^[13] One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, "the saber-toothed herring". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest Enchodus was a predatory species.^[14]

E. petrosus, with standard length around 76.7 centimetres (30.2 in)^[13] and sometimes over 1 metre (3 ft 3 in),^[15] remains of which are common from the Niobrara Chalk, the Mooreville Chalk Formation, the Pierre Shale, and other geological formations deposited within the Western Interior Seaway and the Mississippi Embayment. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern deep-sea fishes, such as anglerfish and viperfish. Other species were considerably smaller, some like E. parvus were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.^[16]

Despite being a formidable predator, remains of Enchodus are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including sharks, other bony fish, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and seabirds such as Baptornis advenus.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

Enchodus fossils have been found all over the world. In North America, Enchodus remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Wyoming, Texas, California, North Carolina, and New Jersey. Fossils also have been found in the Aguja and El Doctor Formations of Mexico and the Ashville, Vermillion River and Dinosaur Park Formations, and Brown Bed Member of Canada. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, southwest Asia and the Tiupampan Santa Lucía Formation and Maastrichtian El Molino Formation of Bolivia and the Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe states of Brazil.^[17] Potentially the latest Enchodus remains are known from the earliest Eocene of Barmer, India.^[3] However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous Enchodus records are just reworked material.^[4]

Gallery

Restoration of E. petrosus
E. lewesiensis skull
Teeth of E. elegans from Khouribga
Teeth of E. libyus from Khouribga

References

^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 55. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
^ Fielitz, Christopher; González-Rodríguez, Katia A. (2010). "A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. JSTOR 40864352. S2CID 84281080.
^ ^a ^b Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H.; Rose, K. D. (2005). "Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India". Current Science. 89 (9): 1606–1613. JSTOR 24110948.
^ ^a ^b Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.
^ ^a ^b ^c Waymon L. Holloway; Kerin M. Claeson; Hesham M. Sallam; Sanaa El-Sayed; Mahmoud Kora; Joseph J.W. Sertich; Patrick M. O’Connor (2017). "A new species of the neopterygian fish Enchodus from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3): 603–611. doi:10.4202/app.00331.2016.
^ Silva, Hilda M. A.; Gallo, Valéria (2011). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83: 483–511. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010. ISSN 0001-3765.
^ Geology, British Museum (Natural History) Department of; Woodward, Arthur Smith (1901). Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History): Actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii, and Anacanthini. order of the Trustees.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
^ Cite error: The named reference FWEnchodus2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cavin, Lionel; Alexopoulos, Apostolos; Piuz, André (2012-12-01). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) ray-finned fishes from the island of Gavdos, southern Greece, with comments on the evolutionary history of the aulopiform teleost Enchodus". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (6): 561–572. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.561. ISSN 0037-9409.
^ "Enchodus libycus". Mundo Fosil. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
^ Fielitz, Christopher; GonzáLez-RodríGuez, Katia A. (2010). "A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ ^a ^b Díaz-Cruz, Jesús Alberto; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Ramírez-Sánchez, Marcia M.; Bernard, Emma Louise; Allington-Jones, Lu; Graham, Mark (November 2021). "Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: 103492. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103492D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492.
^ Everhart, Mike (2013). "Enchodus sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022.
^ Chida, Mori; Brinkman, Donald B.; Murray, Alison M. (October 2023). "A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105579. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005579C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579. S2CID 258803963.
^ Everhart, M.J. (2017). Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past). Indiana University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0253026323.
^ Enchodus at Fossilworks.org

External links

Media related to Enchodus at Wikimedia Commons
Introduction to Paleontology

[1] Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 55. Retrieved 30 December 2021.

[2] Fielitz, Christopher; González-Rodríguez, Katia A. (2010). "A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. JSTOR 40864352. S2CID 84281080.

[:1-3] Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H.; Rose, K. D. (2005). "Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India". Current Science. 89 (9): 1606–1613. JSTOR 24110948.

[:2-4] Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.

[holloway2-5] Waymon L. Holloway; Kerin M. Claeson; Hesham M. Sallam; Sanaa El-Sayed; Mahmoud Kora; Joseph J.W. Sertich; Patrick M. O’Connor (2017). "A new species of the neopterygian fish Enchodus from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3): 603–611. doi:10.4202/app.00331.2016.

[6] Silva, Hilda M. A.; Gallo, Valéria (2011). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83: 483–511. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010. ISSN 0001-3765.

[7] Geology, British Museum (Natural History) Department of; Woodward, Arthur Smith (1901). Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History): Actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii, and Anacanthini. order of the Trustees.

[8] "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-12-26.

[FWEnchodus2-9] Cite error: The named reference FWEnchodus2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[10] Cavin, Lionel; Alexopoulos, Apostolos; Piuz, André (2012-12-01). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) ray-finned fishes from the island of Gavdos, southern Greece, with comments on the evolutionary history of the aulopiform teleost Enchodus". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (6): 561–572. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.561. ISSN 0037-9409.

[11] "Enchodus libycus". Mundo Fosil. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-05-13.

[12] Fielitz, Christopher; GonzáLez-RodríGuez, Katia A. (2010). "A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. ISSN 0272-4634.

[:0-13] Díaz-Cruz, Jesús Alberto; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Ramírez-Sánchez, Marcia M.; Bernard, Emma Louise; Allington-Jones, Lu; Graham, Mark (November 2021). "Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: 103492. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103492D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492.

[Everhart2013-14] Everhart, Mike (2013). "Enchodus sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022.

[15] Chida, Mori; Brinkman, Donald B.; Murray, Alison M. (October 2023). "A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105579. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005579C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579. S2CID 258803963.

[16] Everhart, M.J. (2017). Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past). Indiana University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0253026323.

[FWEnchodus-17] Enchodus at Fossilworks.org

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]